Wednesday, June 25, 2014

entendemos que la basura es uno de los peores problemas modernos y simplemente no sabemos qué hacer con él.. Mundo Integrado de Cram Soluciones Ecologicas a temas Sociales. JR

Factores , Y hechos y actos ..que Desarrallamos para un mejor habitad.

En la actualidad, según la EPA Environmental Protection Agency (Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos) anualmente se generan 13 billones de toneladas al día de residuos industriales, agrícolas, comerciales y domésticos. Estas cifras aunque solo dan una idea de los Estados Unidos de Norte América es el reflejo de otros países mas o menos industrializados a y donde estamos llevando a los menos desarrollados. El impacto no es único en la región que produce el residual o produce el residual llamado basura, es colectivo y masivo  para todos. El efecto clima es un eco sin retorno de voz a la naturaleza que asume el impacto sin absorberlo o diluirlo.

Las cifras de generación siguen en aumento, tanto así que la ONU estima que “hacia el 2.025 el mundo desarrollado quintuplicará la generación de desechos per cápita. Lo cual redundará en más residuos peligrosos enterrados en rellenos sanitarios, en otras palabras, cada habitante de la tierra produce al día de hoy en promedio de 950gr a 1.100gr diarios de desechos; El problema es que los vertederos están llenos y es muy costoso construir otros nuevos, y para complicar aun más este panorama, nos estamos quedando sin espacio. 
Ahora entendemos que la basura es uno de los peores problemas modernos y simplemente no sabemos qué hacer con él.

Mundo Integrado como proyecto de Cram Group y su división de desarrollo social y humanitario Arka MLCram Center, busca a medio/largo plazo la extinción de los basureros y rellenos sanitarios e islas plásticas en los Océanos Pacifico y Atlántico, buscando el una solución dada que pondría  punto final a los graves problemas  ambientales, sociales y de salud causados por este antiguo pero muy moderno mal.

Mediante el uso o recolección de la basura Urbana y otros residuos, como materia prima para alimentar las plantas Termo-Eléctricas, como elemento materia prima y lo cual además que aumentaría el suministro de Electricidad, la atracción de nuevas inversiones y  la generación de grandes utilidades parea completar  así un ciclo virtuoso.

Minuciosos estudios comparativos demuestran la inoperante financiera de las soluciones hasta hoy implementadas en el ámbito internacional. Aunque sean, de hecho, tecnológicamente atractivas, las fórmulas de gasificación e incineración realizadas en los mercados del Primer Mundo implican inversiones de capital, gastos operacionales y costos de dependencia que no soportan los países en desarrollo.

La reducción de la Contaminación  sonora, atmosférica y de  líquidos es prioridad para nuestro proyecto de Mundo Integrado e invitamos a la industria y tecnología de plantas de tratamientos al  diseño industrial y el funcionamiento de cada etapa de la cadena de producción, mientras que el reciclaje es el principio absoluto en el tratamiento de aceites, materiales de origen mineral, vidrio y chatarra metálica y otros.

Mundo integrado enfoca su programa a las islas flotantes como objetivo total de recuperación de los Océanos no dejando a un lado soluciones viables a su programa social Ciudades integradas .

Miremos las soluciones dando espacio a la participación de los sectores industriales y a la sociedad mediante un proceso integrador. único y directo, tecnología y industria y sociedad. Creando  un proceso globalizado educacional y cultural y sostenido. 

JR


Tuesday, June 24, 2014

The 2011 Global Peace Index by the Vision of Humanity.information for teachers to make students better informed about the global impact on society if we continue in a world too focused on conflict. Its alls reponsability to work for it. JR CramNat Global Peace Program


SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 2012

Visualizing the Effects of Peace

Source: Vision of Humanity
If we ask the question, “Which has more of an impact on society, peace or conflict, greed or giving, or hope or fear?”, we would no doubt see philosophical discussions on both sides of the debate. No matter which side of the argument, continual disruptions have taken a toll on the overall felling of peacefulness around the world. So much so, that the Protester was chosen asTime magazine's person of the year 2011. With the current state of world affairs, including the violence surrounding protests to topple governments, riots over economic austerity measures, and demands by occupiers on Wall Street, the constant global turmoil brings the need for peace front and center as something we should talk about with our students.

Conflict costs in human relations and taxes the economy at all levels. Infographic videos like the ones in this post from the Vision of Humanity can be used with students to emphasize the causes of conflict and their financial impact on the global marketplace. Numbers talk, and the costs to people, communities, and governments is enormous. The mission of the Vision of Humanity is to raise "the world’s attention and awareness around the importance of peace to humanity’s survival in the 21st century."

The 2011 Global Peace Index by the Vision of Humanity provides an overview of the impact of violence and how it ultimately takes a toll on the overall well-being of society, impeding economic growth.



Last year, the Vision of Humanity also launched its inaugural study, called theUnited States Peace Index, created with the Institute for Economics and Peace. This was the first time a ranking was used to gauge each state based on its level of peace. It used five key indicators, including homicides, violent crimes, people in prisons, number of police officers, and access to small arms, to see how each state fared based on these criteria. The resulting data was reproduced in the U.S. Peace Index: Changes in Peacefulness 1991-2009 and the U.S. Peace Index - 2011 charts. Each of these downloadable maps would help students visualize the changes in peacefulness across the United States. Pair this with current events and the economic downturn by region to open discussions about unemployment in America as it relates to geographic location.

Source: United States Peace Index
Source: United States Peace Index
Peacefulness has a direct impact on the economy on multiple levels. This is a powerful teaching point. If we want the world to be a better place, we need to help students see the full impact of how unrest, violence, and instability affect it. In our history curricula from the ancient world to modern day, we talk about the "golden age" of civilizations. It takes peace and prosperity to achieve cultural achievements. Without the stability of governments and the economics of good trade, few advances can be made in other areas. The United States Peace Index video brings home this point using visuals, typography, and music to present a picture of how peacefulness and economic growth go hand-in-hand.


What tips the scale toward peacefulness depends on education, health and economic opportunity. The more effective our delivery in conveying the message of peace with our students, the better chance of helping them understand the long term costs of conflict. The positive approach to talking about the issues in the video, as well as its clear message, make it a good instructional tool to use, especially with younger students.
Source: Vision of Humanity
The Vision of Humanity'snewest report for 20ll measures Peace in the Media.  It looks at how conflicts drive media coverage and how media coverage shapes conflicts. The report compares data from the Global Peace Index from the Institute for Economics & Peace with the database of global media from Media Tenor. The report looked at multiple variables, including media coverage of peace and conflict, or the lack of it. Perhaps the most important finding was that events that help promote peace and stability were deficient in countries suffering the most from conflict. To the contrary, countries with the most strife received far more coverage than those that achieved greater peacefulness. So what lessons can we glean from this? For one, the opportunistic need for media to make headlines and improve ratings is a perfect segue way into integrating media literacy and whether there is a balance in news coverage.


Students need to look closely at media reports surrounding peace and conflict. We need to provide a venue for an open dialogue for discussing the impact of peacefulness using engaging visualizations. Both the Vision of Humanity and Institute for Economics and Peace offer a wealth of information for teachers to make students better informed about the global impact on society if we continue in a world too focused on conflict.

Source: Institute for Economics & Peace

Friday, June 20, 2014

Estudios Geneticos dicen que si son Hermanos .. JR lo digo Yo..

Se comienza a saber el por que de todo lo que nos pasa en Colombia.

No fui yo quien lanzo el estudio genético de Juan Manuel Santos Calderón aunque yo si lo pensaba que tenia su parecido por la nariz.. Esa caracteriztica de los mentiroso o en su caso del borracho que se aclama líder de la revolución nuevo camino de un proceso al cual nos invito JMS.

En una carta de días atrás Carlos Wills T me decía que no eran las intenciones de JMS las que Yo decía y bueno hoy la genética nos sorprende a los dos o lo sabían y no decían por temas de campana.. (puede ser)

Un medio de noticias dice.. Y logico yo comento.. Jose Rodrigo Umaña ‏@JRUmanaCram "@BluRadioCo:Daniel Ortega felicita su "hermano" @JuanManSantos

Yo comente.
 (jr):reconocido el Hermano ahora el Padre Fidel lo hará osea Tio Raúl también sera..

(jr): entonces Timochenko  @NicolasMaduro Primos Son y Evito el Bobito Sobrino son?

De Correa no pude ver bien si son el primo distante que se quieren aun se digan lo que se digan como pasa con Pacho que primos si son.. Y no supe de Cristina y Lula y demás que es.. Pero si parecen ser la misma genética. Ahora interesante desterrar a Chaves y ver la consanguinidad entre ellos no creen.

Piedad Cordova o los demás no serán primos pues los Santos de mueren de tener primos de las minorías como burócratas socialistas que son.. Y los narcofarcos están mirando la genética que al parecer es congénita...

de paso esto lo digo Yo JR.. y todo lo comenzó el secreto que revelo Daniel Ortega en el unico discurso de vida que borracho no da y su tres bigotes consorte no le escribe para leer o sera que le dictan en la oreja que decir.. No se.


Da más problemas el Obamacare,,7 Millones o mas afiliados y los Fondos donde estan. Un sistema financiero que inicia y .. JR Lo digo Yo

http://miami.univision.com/noticias/miami/video/2014-06-19/da-mas-problemas-el-obamacare

Los agentes de seguros se quejan de que no han cobrado por sus servicios, mientras que los beneficiarios no han recibido las tarjetas ni servicios.
Da más problemas el Obamacare

7 millones y algo mas y de usuarios (afiliados), en el territorio de los Estados de Union, 1millon y algo mas en la florida y de estos 70 mil y algo mas correspoen a Sunchine life and Health, emoresa que suscribio mas afiliados en todo los estados unidos y del cual nuestro agente participo.

132 agente de seguros bajo la sombrilla contractual de Sunchine life and Health, son y fueron los responsables de una misión cumplida y un compromiso dado a las políticas sociales y de salud del estado y un programa médico social  controversial por su alcance y proceso.

Miraremos quien es la columna vertebral de la operación financiera que encierra 7 millones de afiliados al sistema medico y que a su vez han quedado ante el sistema de impuesto identificados. Estas son las entidades que son la gestoras de la pirámide tanto en prestacion del servicio como el proceso financiero. AETNA (COVENTRY ONE) y PREFERRED MEDICAL PLAN, 

Miraremos el proceso de recaudo como se efectuó en la afiliación del usurario y los créditos como fueron aplicados a cada plan. Estos fueron dados en pago directo a las entidades que menciono y estos recursos donde están? Un efecto domino financiero que no sucedió y esta flotando en la banca de una entidad multiplicadora de inversión?

El tema sigue y es TheCramMedia Network bajo mi visión y abrirá mas y mas este sofisma que solo es un medio de distracción a una realidad detrás de la salud..
..
                   Jose Rodrigo Umaña M.
    ( Committed to the New Generations.™®cram )
        Since 1989   Cram Group Corporation.          

Mean time,A close up of the Brazuca ball in NASA's Ames Fluid JR

A close up of the Brazuca ball in NASA's Ames Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Smoke highlighted by lasers visualizes air flow around the ball.
A close up of the Brazuca ball in NASA's Ames Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Smoke highlighted by lasers visualizes air flow around the ball.
NASA's Ames Research Center
While many millions are enjoying the drama of the World Cup, a handful of scientists are keeping their eyes very closely on the ball.
The World Cup ball, known as Brazuca, has been the subject of intense and careful study, especially following the erratic performance of its predecessor in the 2010 championship in South Africa.
It may be surprising to learn that balls can vary at all, but there's some vagueness in the specs, according to John Eric Goff, a physicist at Lynchburg College in Virginia.
"The rulebook does not specify how many panels are on the ball or what the shape of the panels will be," he says.
Traditional balls have 32 black and white panels. But in 2006, Adidas, which makes the World Cup balls, started making balls with fewer panels. The ball for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa had just eight. Adidas said the new ball was more state-of-the-art, rounder. But it got off to a wobbly start.
NASA Ames Research Center/YouTube
"When the players would try to kick the ball straight ... there would be an erratic knuckling effect that would take place," he says.
Goalies were furious about the ball's unpredictability. One called it a "supermarket" soccer ball.
"Players really started complaining about the ball knuckling, and that's when I started looking at what the differences were," saysRabi Mehta, an aerospace engineer at NASA's Ames Research Center in California.
Ames is home to wind tunnels where researchers test everything from fighter jets to space probes, and soccer balls.
"In a way, it's not very complicated because it is round; it's a sphere," Mehta says.
But the roundness is deceptive. When he studied the 2010 ball, he found the difference in the number of panels had changed the seams between the panels, and that in turn radically altered the ball's behavior.
As air flows around a 2010 World Cup ball, it can snag on a seam. And at just the right speed, that seam acts as a rudder, causing the ball to shift direction suddenly.
From an aerodynamic perspective, a traditional soccer ball is just as good as the new design.
From an aerodynamic perspective, a traditional soccer ball is just as good as the new design.
NASA's Ames Research Center
"It's basically an unpredictable, erratic flight path, and that, as you can imagine, can give a goalkeeper fits," he says.
Adidas has now changed the design again. This time the company appears to have learned its lesson. Mehta says the new ball has longer, deeper seams that keep it from swerving. He has studiedindependent data from a Japanese wind tunnel. He also has been carefully watching kicks on television.
"I would be really surprised if players complain about this ball. I think this ball is behaving pretty well, just like the traditional soccer ball they're used to," he says.
So after years of careful research, Adidas is producing a soccer ball that performs as well as a ... traditional soccer ball. Which makes you wonder, why did they change it at all?
Adidas didn't respond to NPR's interview request, but physicist Goff thinks he knows why: "The Brazuca is selling right now for $160 to $170. And Adidas can't get them out fast enough. Frankly, it just makes Adidas a ton of money every four years when they have a new ball that everybody wants to buy," he says.
Both Goff and Mehta agree that you don't need to spend all that money for an aerodynamically state-of-the-art soccer ball. The old one you've got in the garage is just as good.

Tuesday, June 17, 2014

The Great Pacific garbage patch,(From Wikipedia,0 JR Integrated world

Ok lets start with what is been written and we all know . From there we can start to asked why and whom or others questions that we already know whom is.. Yes we are the ones whom threw the plastic to the Ocean. Yes we are and not whom produce it. Yes we go the easy way to blame whom we want now assuming  our responsibility..  This series of articules Integrated World with wiseBusy have the mission to open our conscious and start blaming our self for the climate and its changes..
Lets see how Wikipedia describes the Sequence of the issue.. ..  JR


Great Pacific garbage patch

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Map showing the oceans' five major gyres
The area of increased plastic particles is located within theNorth Pacific Gyre, one of the five major oceanic gyres.
The Great Pacific garbage patch, also described as thePacific trash vortex, is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean located roughly between 135°W to155°W and 35°N and 42°N.[1] The patch extends over an indeterminate area, with estimates ranging very widely depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area.
The patch is characterized by exceptionally high concentrations of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre.[2]Despite its size and density (4 particles per cubic meter), the patch is not visible from satellite photography, nor even necessarily to a casual boater or diver in the area, since it consists primarily of a small increase in suspended, often-microscopic particles in the upper water column. Since plastics break down to even smaller polymers, concentrations of submerged particles are not visible from space, nor do they appear as a continuous debris field to human eyes. Instead, the patch is defined as an area in which the mass of plastic debris in the upper water column is significantly higher than average.Discovery[edit]
Map showing large-scale looping water movements within the Pacific. One circles west to Australia, then south and back to Latin America. Further north, water moves east to Central America, and then joins a larger movement further north, which loops south, west, north, and east between North America and Japan. Two smaller loops circle in the eastern and central North Pacific.
The Patch is created in the gyre of the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone
The Great Pacific garbage patch was predicted in a 1988 paper published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) of the United States. The prediction was based on results obtained by several Alaska-based researchers between 1985 and 1988 that measured neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean.[3] This research found high concentrations of marine debris accumulating in regions governed by ocean currents. Extrapolating from findings in theSea of Japan, the researchers hypothesized that similar conditions would occur in other parts of the Pacific where prevailing currents were favorable to the creation of relatively stable waters. They specifically indicated the North Pacific Gyre.[4]
Charles J. Moore, returning home through the North Pacific Gyre after competing in the Transpac sailing race in 1997, came upon an enormous stretch of floating debris. Moore alerted the oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer, who subsequently dubbed the region the "Eastern Garbage Patch" (EGP).[5] The area is frequently featured in media reports as an exceptional example ofmarine pollution.[6]
The patch is not easily visible because it consists of very small pieces, almost invisible to the naked eye,[7] most of its contents are suspended beneath the surface of the ocean,[8] and the relatively low density of the plastic debris at, in one scientific study, 5.1 kilograms of plastic per square kilometer of ocean area.[9]
A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean.[10][11]

Formation[edit]

Map of gyres centered near the south pole (click to enlarge)
The north Pacific Garbage Patch on a continuous ocean map
It is thought that, like other areas of concentrated marine debris in the world's oceans, the Great Pacific garbage patch formed gradually as a result of marine pollution gathered by oceanic currents.[12] The garbage patch occupies a large and relatively stationary region of the North Pacific Ocean bound by the North Pacific Gyre (a remote area commonly referred to as the horse latitudes). The gyre's rotational pattern draws in waste material from across the North Pacific Ocean, including coastal waters off North America and Japan. As material is captured in the currents, wind-driven surface currents gradually move floating debris toward the center, trapping it in the region.
There are no strong scientific data concerning the origins of pelagicplastics.[citation needed] The figure that an estimated 80% of the garbage comes from land-based sources and 20% from ships is derived from an unsubstantiated estimate.[13] According to a 2011 EPA report, "The primary source of marine debris is the improper waste disposal or management of trash and manufacturing products, including plastics (e.g., littering, illegal dumping) ... Debris is generated on land at marinas, ports, rivers, harbors, docks, and storm drains. Debris is generated at sea from fishing vessels, stationary platforms and cargo ships."[14] Pollutants range in size from abandoned fishing nets to micro-pellets used in abrasive cleaners.[15] Currents carry debris from the west coast of North America to the gyre in about six years,[16] and debris from the east coast of Asia in a year or less.[17][18] An international research project led by Dr. Hideshige Takada of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology studying plastic pellets, ornurdles, from beaches around the world may provide further clues about the origins of pelagic plastic.[19]
Logically, the land-based sources of pollutants and plastics come from the great rivers from around the world. The Ganges, in India, is an example of a source of major sea pollution (see Pollution of the Ganges). The major rivers of Bangladesh, Nigeria, and other developing nations collectively provide another example of marine-pollution sources.

Estimates of size[edit]

The size of the patch is unknown, as large items readily visible from a boat deck are uncommon. Most debris consists of small plastic particles suspended at or just below the surface, making it impossible to detect by aircraft or satellite. Instead, the size of the patch is determined by sampling. Estimates of size range from 700,000 square kilometres (270,000 sq mi) to more than 15,000,000 square kilometres (5,800,000 sq mi) (0.41% to 8.1% of the size of the Pacific Ocean), or, in some media reports, up to "twice the size of the continental United States".[20] Such estimates, however, are conjectural given the complexities of sampling and the need to assess findings against other areas. Further, although the size of the patch is determined by a higher-than-normal degree of concentration of pelagic debris, there is no standard for determining the boundary between "normal" and "elevated" levels of pollutants to provide a firm estimate of the affected area.
Net-based surveys are less subjective than direct observations but are limited regarding the area that can be sampled (net apertures 1–2 m and ships typically have to slow down to deploy nets, requiring dedicated ship's time). The plastic debris sampled is determined by net mesh size, with similar mesh sizes required to make meaningful comparisons among studies. Floating debris typically is sampled with a neuston or manta trawl net lined with 0.33 mm mesh. Given the very high level of spatial clumping in marine litter, large numbers of net tows are required to adequately characterize the average abundance of litter at sea. Long-term changes in plastic meso-litter have been reported using surface net tows: in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre in 1999, plastic abundance was 335 000 items/km2 and 5.1 kg/km2, roughly an order of magnitude greater than samples collected in the 1980s. Similar dramatic increases in plastic debris have been reported off Japan. However, caution is needed in interpreting such findings, because of the problems of extreme spatial heterogeneity, and the need to compare samples from equivalent water masses, which is to say that, if an examination of the same parcel of water a week apart is conducted, an order of magnitude change in plastic concentration could be observed.[21]
In August 2009, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography/Project Kaisei SEAPLEX survey mission of the Gyre found that plastic debris was present in 100 consecutive samples taken at varying depths and net sizes along a 1,700 miles (2,700 km) path through the patch. The survey also confirmed that, while the debris field does contain large pieces, it is on the whole made up of smaller items that increase in concentration toward the Gyre's centre, and these 'confetti-like' pieces are clearly visible just beneath the surface. Although many media and advocacy reports have suggested that the patch extends over an area larger than the continental U.S., recent research sponsored by the National Science Foundation suggests the affected area may be much smaller.[21][22][23] Recent data collected from Pacific albatross populations suggest there may be two distinct zones of concentrated debris in the Pacific.[24]

Photodegradation of plastics[edit]

Main article: Photodegradation
The Great Pacific garbage patch has one of the highest levels known of plastic particulate suspended in the upper water column. As a result, it is one of several oceanic regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plasticphotodegradation in the neustonic layer of water.[25] Unlike organic debris, which biodegrades, the photodegraded plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a polymer. This process continues down to the molecular level.[26] As the plastic flotsam photodegrades into smaller and smaller pieces, it concentrates in the upper water column. As it disintegrates, the plastic ultimately becomes small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms that reside near the ocean's surface. In this way, plastic may become concentrated in neuston, thereby entering the food chain.
Some plastics decompose within a year of entering the water, leaching potentially toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A,PCBs, and derivatives of polystyrene.[27]
The process of disintegration means that the plastic particulate in much of the affected region is too small to be seen. In a 2001 study, researchers (including Charles Moore) found concentrations of plastic particles at 334,721 pieces per km2 with a mean mass of 5,114 grams (11.27 lbs) per km2, in the neuston. Assuming each particle of plastic averaged 5 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm, this would amount to only 8 m2 per km2 due to small particulates. Nonetheless, this represents a very high amount with respect to the overall ecology of the neuston. In many of the sampled areas, the overall concentration of plastics was seven times greater than the concentration of zooplankton. Samples collected at deeper points in the water column found much lower concentrations of plastic particles (primarily monofilament fishing line pieces).[9] Nevertheless, according to the mentioned estimates, only a very small part of the plastic would be near the surface.

Effect on wildlife[edit]

Remains of an Albatross containing ingested flotsam
Some of these long-lasting plastics end up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals, and their young,[5][28][29] including sea turtles and the Black-footed AlbatrossMidway Atoll receives substantial amounts of marine debris from the patch. Of the 1.5 million Laysan Albatrosses that inhabit Midway, nearly all are found to have plastic in their digestive system.[30] Approximately one-third of their chicks die, and many of those deaths are due to being fed plastic from their parents.[31][32]Twenty tons of plastic debris washes up on Midway every year with five tons of that debris being fed to Albatross chicks.[33]
Besides the particles' danger to wildlife, on the microscopic level the floating debris can absorb organic pollutants from seawater, including PCBsDDT, and PAHs.[34]Aside from toxic effects,[35] when ingested, some of these are mistaken by the endocrine system as estradiol, causing hormone disruption in the affected animal.[32] These toxin-containing plastic pieces are also eaten by jellyfish, which are then eaten by larger fish.
Many of these fish are then consumed by humans, resulting in their ingestion of toxic chemicals.[36] Marine plastics also facilitate the spread of invasive species that attach to floating plastic in one region and drift long distances to colonize other ecosystems.[15]
On the macroscopic level, the physical size of the plastic kills fish, birds and turtles as the animals' digestion can not break down the plastic that is taking up space inside their stomachs.[37] A second effect of the macroscopic plastic is to make it much more difficult for animals to detect their normal sources of food. While eating their normal source of food plastic ingestion can be unavoidable.
Research has shown that this plastic marine debris affects at least 267 species worldwide and a few of the 267 species reside in the North Pacific Gyre.[38]

Microbial degradation[edit]

Bacteria have been found in the plastic polluted waters of the Sargasso sea that consume plastic; however, it is unknown whether these bacteria ultimately clean up poisons or simply spread them elsewhere in the marine microbial ecosystem. Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from ocean pollution, potentially poisoning anything that eats it.[39]

Research of cleanup[edit]

In April 2008, Richard Sundance Owen, a building contractor and scuba dive instructor, formed the Environmental Cleanup Coalition (ECC) to address the issue of North Pacific pollution. ECC collaborates with other groups to identify methods to safely remove plastic and persistent organic pollutants from the oceans.[40][41]
The JUNK raft project was a trans-Pacific sailing voyage from June to August 2008 made to highlight the plastic in the patch, organized by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation.[42][43][44]
Project Kaisei is a project to study and clean up the garbage patch launched in March 2009. In August 2009, two project vessels, the New Horizon and the Kaisei, embarked on a voyage to research the patch and determine the feasibility of commercial scale collection and recycling.[45]
The SEAPLEX expedition, a group of researchers from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, spent 19 days on the ocean in August, 2009 researching the patch. Their primary goal was to describe the abundance and distribution of plastic in the gyre in the most rigorous study to date. Researchers were also looking at the impact of plastic on mesopelagic fish, such aslanternfish.[46][47] This group utilized a fully capable dedicated oceanographic research vessel, the 170 ft (52 m) long New Horizon.[48]
In 2012, Miriam C. Goldstein, Marci Rosenberg, and Lanna Cheng wrote:
Plastic pollution in the form of small particles (diameter less than 5 mm) — termed ‘microplastic’ — has been observed in many parts of the world ocean. They are known to interact with biota on the individual level, e.g. through ingestion, but their population-level impacts are largely unknown. One potential mechanism for microplastic-induced alteration of pelagic ecosystems is through the introduction of hard-substrate habitat to ecosystems where it is naturally rare. Here, we show that microplastic concentrations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) have increased by two orders of magnitude in the past four decades, and that this increase has released the pelagic insect Halobates sericeus from substrate limitation for oviposition. High concentrations of microplastic in the NPSG resulted in a positive correlation between H. sericeus and microplastic, and an overall increase in H. sericeus egg densities. Predation on H. sericeus eggs and recent hatchlings may facilitate the transfer of energy between pelagic- and substrate-associated assemblages. The dynamics of hard-substrate-associated organisms may be important to understanding the ecological impacts of oceanic microplastic pollution.[49]
The Goldstein et al. study compared changes in small plastic abundance between 1972-1987 and 1999-2010 by using historical samples from the Scripps Pelagic Invertebrate Collection and data from SEAPLEX, a NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer cruise in 2010, information from the Algalita Marine Research Foundation as well as various published papers. [50]
At TEDxDelft2012,[51][52] Dutch Aerospace Engineering student Boyan Slat unveiled a concept for removing large amounts of marine debris from the five oceanic gyres. With his concept called The Ocean Cleanup, he proposes a radical clean-up that would use the surface currents to let the debris drift to specially designed arms and collection platforms. This way the running costs would be virtually zero, and the operation would be so efficient that it may even be profitable. The concept makes use of floating booms, that won’t catch the debris, but divert it. This way by-catch would be avoided, and even the smallest particles would be extracted. According to Boyan Slat's calculations, a gyre could realistically be cleaned up in five years' time, collecting at least 7.25 million tons of plastic combining all gyres.[53] He however does note that an ocean-based cleanup is only half the story, and will therefore have to be paired with 'radical plastic pollution prevention methods in order to succeed'.[53][54]
Method, a producer of household products, took the garbage patch as an opportunity and began marketing a dish soap whose container is made partly of recycled ocean plastic. The company sent crews to Hawaiian beaches to recover some of the debris that had washed up.[55]
Many artists, such as Marina DeBris use trash from the garbage patch to create trashion, or clothes made out of trash. The main purpose is to educate people about the garbage patch.
"A Captive Audience" by Marina DeBris, modeled by Daniya Mussina & made from fish nets found by Captain Charles Moore in the Pacific Gyre, and beach toys found washed up on the beach.

2012 Expedition[edit]

The 2012 Algalita/5 Gyres Asia Pacific Expedition, though plagued by severe weather on Leg 2, met the goals and objectives it set out to achieve.
Beginning in the Marshall Islands on May 1, Leg 1 investigated the little-studied Western Pacific garbage patch, arriving in Tokyo three weeks later. During their scheduled layover and crew change, an international scientific symposium was held with Captain Charles Moore as one of the speakers.
Marcus Eriksen led the expedition, collecting samples for the 5 Gyres Institute, Algalita Marine Research Foundation and several other colleagues, including NOAA, SCRIPPS, IPRC and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Hank Carson was aboard to study colonial communities fouling marine debris, as well as collect samples of plastic pollution for his students and colleagues at University of Hawaii at Hilo. Filmmakers Alex and Tyler Mifflin were aboard to document the journey for a series titled “The Water Brothers”, in which they explore water issues around the world. Belinda Braithwaite, Carolyn Box, Bob Atwater, Valerie Lecour, Michael Brown, Shanley Mcentee and Kristal Ambrose rounded out the expedition. [56]
From October 4 to November 9, 2012, the Sea Education Association (SEA) conducted a research expedition to study plastic pollution in the North Pacific gyre. 38 sailors, scientists, ship's crew, and journalists sailed from San Diego, California to Honolulu, Hawaii aboard the SSV Robert C. Seamans, led by Chief Scientist Emelia DeForce and Captain Jason Quilter. A similar research expedition was conducted by SEA in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2010. During the Plastics at SEA 2012 North Pacific Expedition, a total of 118 net tows were conducted and nearly 70,000 pieces of plastic were counted to estimate the density of plastics, map the distribution of plastics in the gyre, and examine the effects of plastic debris on marine life. [57]